McLing On the Chip

Footprinting Tools

2008-01-21T19:04:00.000-08:00

There are many tools for footprinting. Following lists out a few popular tools:

NeoTrace - diagnostic and investigative tool. It traces network path access internet
VisualRoute - graphical tool that determines where and how traffic is flowing on the route between desired destination and the user trying to access, by providing a geographical map of the route and the performance on each portion of that route.
SmartWhois - network information utility that allows user to find all the information available about an IP address, host or domain name. (www.tamos.com)
VisualLookout - real time TCP/IP monitor that can help detect intrusions that have crosed the firewall. It is basically an IDS tools
VisualRoute Mail Tracker - part of VisualRoute that can track a spoofed mail or even ordinary mail.
eMailTrackerPro - analyzes email header and provides the IP address of the machine that sent the email.

Locate Network Range

2008-01-21T19:03:00.000-08:00

To find the network range, attacker can get more detailed information from the appropriate regional registry database. They can also trace the route between his system and the target system.
There are many traceroute tools and two of the popular tools are NeoTrace and Visual Route. Some other tools are based on POC input of the various ISP/NSP router and thus it is possible that the information shown on these tools may not be entirely correct. It is always a good practice to check more than on registry.
IF the DNS servers are not set up correctly, the attack may be able to obtaining the list of internal machine. And if attacker traceroute to a machine, he can also get internal IP of the gateway which can be of use.
ARIN allows search on the whois database to locate information on network autonomous system numbers (ASNs), network related handles and other related point of contact. ARIN also has a set of additional tools and links to other sites such as RWhois.net.
Up to this moment the information gathering activities are completely passive (with exception of traceroute which can be detected) and undetectable by the target organization. Doing footprinting help administrator know what information lies outside the organization and potential threat it can pose to the organization.

Traceroute
Traceroute works by exploited a feature in Internet Protocol called Time To Live (TTL). TTL is interpreted to indicate the maximum number of routers a packet may transit. Each router handle a packet will decrement TTL count in ICMP header by 1. When the count reach zero, the packet will be discarded and an error message will be transmitted to the originator.
Traceroute send out a packet destined for the target. It sets the TTL to 1. The first router receives the packet, decrement TTL by 1 and if the result is 0, it discards the packet and send a message back to the originator to inform it that the packet is discarded. Traceroute record the IP address and DNS name, if any, of the router, then send out packet with TTL = 2. This packet make it through first router and then is discarded by second router. The second router send a message back to the originator. Traceroute repeatly do this and record the IP address as the packet route through the network to reach the destination, or until the host is unreachable. Traceroute also record the time it took for each packet to travel round trip to each router.

NsLookup

2008-01-21T19:02:00.000-08:00

Nslookup is a valuable tool for query DNS information for host name resolution. It is bundled with both UNIX and windows operating systems and can be run at command prompt.
Nslookup allows query DNS other than the default one by type "server" (where is the host name of the server you want to use for future lookups). A zone transfer can be done if the security is lax. Following is an example:
> nslookup Default Server: ntsysa06.corp.root Address: 10.87.122.146
> server 10.2.202.1
Default Server: dns-286-cns-02.corp.com
Address: 10.2.202.1
> set type=any
> ls -d target.com
systemA 1DINA 10.12.133.147
geekL 1DINA 10.12.133.151
Nslookup employs the domain name delegation method when used on the local domain. That means, making query for "systemA.targetcompany.com" failed will go one level up to find "targetcompany.com". To query host outside domain, a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) must be typed.
Nslookup interface at http://www.zoneedit.com/lookup.html provide an interactive mode.
In addition, the attacker can use dig and host command to obtain more information on UNIX system.
The DNS namespaces is divided into zones. For each DNS domain name included in a zone, the zone becomes a storage database for a single DNS domain name and is the authoritative source.
At basic level, an attacker can try to obtain more information by using various Nslookup switch.
At higher level, an attacker can attempt a zone transfer at DNS level, which can have drastic implication.
To defense the target, inappropriate queries must be refused by the system.
To check zone transfer, specify exact IP addresses from where zone transfers may be allowed. The firewall must be configured to check TCP port 53 (which unlike UDP port 53 is used for zone transfers instead of DNS queries) access. Another best practice is to use more than one DNS or the split DNS approach where one DNS caters to the external interface and the other to the internal interface. This will let the internal DNS act like a proxy server and check leaking of information from external queries.
Check out DNS concept from RFC 1912 Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors, RFC 2182 Section and Operation of Secondary DNS Server, RFC 2219 Use of DNS Aliases for Network Services.

WHOIS

2008-01-21T19:00:00.000-08:00

Several operating system provide a WHOIS utility. To conduct query from the command line the format is:
whois -h hostname identifier (e.g. whois -h whois.aim.net )
Command flag can be added to obtain more specific information. Flags can be categorized under query type and only one flag may be used from a query type.

Query-by-record-type

n Network address space
a Autonomous systems
p Point of contact
o Organizations
c End-user customers

Query-by-attribute

@ Search for matches by the domain-portion of an email address
! Search for matches by handle or id
. Search for matches by name

Display flags

+ Show details (aka "full") but cannot be used with the record hierarchy sub query
- Show summary (aka "list")

Record hierarchy

<>
> Display record related down the hierarchy. For network, display subdelegation or subnet, below the network

Wild card queries

WHOIS supports wild card queries. Append the query with *. This can be used in combination with any flag define above

There are five types of queries that can be carried out on a WHOIS database.

Registrar - This gives information on potential domains matching the target.
Organizational - This lists all known instances associated with the particular target and the number of domain associated with the organization.
Domain - This can be used to find the company address, domain name, administrator and his/her phone number, and the system's domain servers.
Network - This gives all information related to a particular network of a single IP address. Network enumeration can help ascertain the network block assigned or allotted to the domain.
Point of Contact (POC) - Display all information related to a specific person, typically administrative contacts. Also known as query by "handle".

If the organization is a high security company, it can opt to register a domain in the name of a third party, as long as they agree to accept responsibility.

SmartWhois
SmartWhois is a network information utility that allow available information about an IP address, hostname or domain name, including country, state or province etc.
SmartWhois is available for download at www.tamos.com.

Unearthing Initial Information

2008-01-21T18:59:00.000-08:00

Open source footprinting
Perform whois request, searching thorough DNS tables are other forms of open source footprinting. Most of the information is fairly easy to get and within legal limits. One easy way to check for sensitive information is to check the HTML source code of the website to look for links comments, Meta tags etc.
The attack can choose to source information from:

A web page (save it offline, e.g. using offline browser such as Teleport pro at http://www.tenmax.com/teleprot/pro/home.htm )
Yahoo or other directories (Tifny is a comprehensive search tool for USENET newsgrops)
Multiple search engines (All-in-one, Dogpile), groups.google.com is a great resource for searching large number of news groups archives without having to use a tool
Using advanced search (e.g. AltaVista where revers links can be unearthed to vulnerabile sites)
Search on publicly trade companies (e.g. EDGAR)
Dumpster diving (to retrieve document that is carelessly disposed)
Physical access (False ID, temporary/contract employee etc)

Apart from surfing the site, the attacker can use whois or nslookup to collect information. www.allwhois.com is considered a comprehensive whois interface.
There are tools available to aid whois:

Reader is encouraged to read RFC 1034, 1035 and standards std/std13 - Internet standard for Domain Name.

Footprinting

2008-01-21T18:58:00.000-08:00

Footprinting is the blueprinting of the security profile of an organization undertaken in methodological manner.
The information unveil at various network level can include details of domain name, network blocks, network services and applications, system architecture, intrusion detection systems, specific IP address, access control mechanisms and related lists, phone numbers, contract addresses, authentication mechanisms and system enumeration.
Information gathering activity can be broadly divided into seven phases:

Unearth initial information
Locate network information
Ascertain active machine
Discover open ports /access ports
Detect operating system
Uncover services on ports
Map the networks

Footprinting includes the first two phases listed above. Footprinting is required to ensure that isolated information repositories that are critical are not overlook or left undiscovered.

Deliverables

2008-01-21T18:56:00.000-08:00

In the final phase of evaluation the ethical hacking report with the results of hacking activities, vulnerabilities found and recommendation given to avoid exploit. The objective should be to bring into effect of permanent security solution rather than temporary patch. If social engineering testing has exposed problems report should address this issue with specific recommendation to raise awareness of the people concerned. The report must include specific recommendation on how to close the vulnerability and keep them closed.
Usually, the ethical hacking report is delivered in hard copy and soft copy destroyed for security reason. For instance, if this report is accessed by the wrong people or people with wrong intension, it can have catastrophic consequence. One of common example is that the report is use by corporate espionage, the cracker can use the information to break into the system. However for long term client, the ethical hacker might need the information for further investigation. In this case the organization can stored it in encrypted form in an offline system with very limited access. Hard copy should be stored in a safe with all copy numbered.
There are certain issues to be considered in delivering report, such as who would receive the report, and how the sensitive report would be conveyed. The ethical hacker would have ongoing responsibility to ensure the safety of all information they retain, so in some cases all information is destroyed at the end of the contract.

Security Test

2008-01-14T17:42:00.000-08:00

Security test can be conducted in two approaches:

Black-box
This means the ethical hacker has no prior knowledge or information about the system. This simulate a true web-hacking, beginning with nothing but the company name. From here the ethical hacker gathers information about the network and the business from as many outside source as possible.
White-box
This means the ethical hacker has complete knowledge of the network infrastructure to be tested. This help ethical hacker adopt a structured and formal approach. However, a good ethical hacker will also test the validity of the information provided initially, rather than work under the assumption that it is true.

It is considered by some security expert that the black-box testing is closely intimate a real web hacking. However, this need not hold good as script kiddies can easily know detail of the network and operating system and run scripts to exploit vulnerabilities. More often that not, the attacker is no total stranger to the system. He as access to insider information or may be he is an insider. Many organizations are subject to attack from internal sources where full system knowledge can be assumed.
If monetary resource and time are constraint, black box testing may not be the best option. This is where the organization may consider internal testing.
All forms of security testing can be of value to the organization; however it is up to the organization to decide what work in best of its interest under the given circumstance. A black-box test may highlight how supposedly confidential information is leaked. A white-box test is likely toe dedicate more time to probing for vulnerabilities and will address security of all external connection.

Modes of Ethical Hacking

2008-01-14T17:41:00.000-08:00

There are several ways to conduct security evaluation.

Remote network
This simulates the intruder launching an attack across the internet. The primary defense that must be defeated here are border firewall, filtering routers etc.
Remote dial-up network
This simulates the intruder launching an attack against the organization's modem pools. The primary defense that must be defeated here are user authentication scheme.
Local network
This simulates an employee or other authorized person who have legal/authorized connection to the organization network. The primary defense must be defeated here are intranet firewall, intranet web server and server security measures.
Stolen equipment
This is to test how user protection their information assets. For example, if a stolen laptop has stored password or critical information that can be easily accessed, this can a security breach. Attacker may remote dial up to the main server of the organization with proper authentication.
Social engineering
This test evaluate the integrity and awareness of the target organization's personnel. A typical quoted example of social engineering is that of an intruder calling the computer help line and asking for the external telephone number of the modem pool. Defense against this kind of attack is the hardest because people and personalities are involved. To be of assistance come naturally in organizations gearing more toward a service orientation and this may inadvertently lead to security compromise. Often see scenario include telling someone who appears to be lost where the computer room located, or let someone into the building who does not have proper identification credentials. The only defense against this is to raise the security awareness.
Physical entry
This test acts out the physical penetration of the organization's building. The primary defense here are strong security policy, security guard, access control and monitoring and security awareness.

How do Ethical Hacker go about the evulation?

2008-01-14T17:39:00.002-08:00

Any security evaluation involves three phases: preparation, conduct and conclusion.

Preparation
In this phase, a formal contract is signed that contains a non-disclosure clause as well as a legal clause to protect the ethical hacker against any protection that he may possibly attract during the conduct phase. The contract also outlines infrastructure perimeter, evaluation activities, time schedules and resources available to him.
During this phase, the ethical hacker should discuss with the organization about what the organization is trying to protect, against whom and at what cost. After discussion, a security plan is prepared which will identify the systems that are to be tested for vulnerabilities, how the testing would be carried out (methodology) and what restriction may be applied (limitation faced).
While it is theoretically possible to say that the testing strategy should follow a "no-holds-barred" approach, practically this not usually the case. This approach is encouraged so that the ethical hacker is given the chance to gain maximum access.
Conduct
In this phase, the evaluation technical report is prepared based on testing potential vulnerabilities.
There are several methods for carrying out ethical hacking, but the two most used approaches are the limited vulnerability analysis and attack and penetration testing. Limited vulnerability analysis deals with enumerating the specific entry points to the organization's information system over the internet, as well as the visibility of mission critical systems and data from a connection on the internal network. On detection, the potential entry point and mission critical systems are scanned for known vulnerabilities. The scanning is done using standard connection techniques and not solely based on vulnerability scanners.
In an attack and penetration testing, discovery scans are conducted to gain as much information as possible about the target system. Similar to limited vulnerability analysis, the penetration scan can be conducted from both the internet and internal network perspective. This approach differs from the limited vulnerability analysis is that the testing is not limited to scanning alone. It goes a step further and tries to exploit the vulnerabilities. This is said to simulate the real threat to data security.
Clients usually prefer a limited vulnerability analysis because they do not want to risk loss of data or any other damage.
It should be communicate with the organization that there are inherent risks in undertaking an ethical hack. These can include alarmed staff and unintentional system crashes, degraded network and system performance, denial of service, and log file size explosions. A possible way of minimizing this risk is to conduct the test after office hours or holidays. The organization should provide contact within, who can respond to calls from the ethical hackers if a system or network appears to be adversely affected by the evaluation or if an extremely dangerous vulnerability is found that should be immediately corrected. While conducting an evaluation, ethical hackers may come across security holes that cannot be fixed within the predetermined time frame. Therefore, the ethical hacker must communicate to his client the urgency for corrective action that can extend even after evaluation is completed. If the system administrator delays the evaluation of his system until a few days or weeks before this computer need to go online again, no ethical hacker can provide a really complete evaluation or implement the correction for potentially immense security problems. Therefore, such aspect must be considered during the preparation phase.
Conclusion
In this phase, the result of evaluation is communicated to the organization and corrective action/advise is taken if needed.

Skill Profile of an Ethical Hacker

2008-01-14T17:39:00.001-08:00

Ethical hacker should have strong computer knowledge including programming and networking. They should be proficient at installing and maintaining system that use popular operating system (e.g. Unix, Windows or Linux) usually used on target system. Detailed knowledge of hardware and software provided by popular computer and networking hardware vendors complement this basic knowledge. It is not always necessary that ethical hacker to be a security professional. However, it is an advantage to know how various systems maintain their security. These system management knowledge are necessary for actually vulnerability testing and preparing the report after the testing is carried out.

An ethical hacker should be one step ahead of the malicious hacker and possess immense patience and the capability of persistent concentration. A typical evaluation may require several days, perhaps even several weeks of analysis that the actual testing itself.

Finally, keeping up with the ever-changing world of computer and network security requires continuous education and review on part of the ethical hacker. An ethical hacker should use constructive method as opposed to destructive methods adopted by the malicious hacker. The intent behind an ethical hacker's actions is to protect and rectify the system of its vulnerabilities. An ethical hacker is convinced that he can change something by means of constructively using his skills. He is reliable and trustworthy since he might discover information about the organization that should remain secret.

What do Ethical Hacker do?

2008-01-14T17:38:00.001-08:00

To evaluate the security of an information system, an ethical hacker seek answer to the three basic questions:

What can an attacker see on the target system?
This require an ethical hacker to think "out of the box" and to be "creative". An attacker can exploited those vulnerabilities that can be overlooked in the normal and route security check by the system administrator. This correspond to the reconnaissance and scanning phase.
What can an attacker do with the available information?
An ethical hacker tries to understand the intent and purpose of the potential exploit, so as to do appropriate countermeasures. This correspond to the gaining access and maintaining access phase. An ethical hacker need to think one step ahead of the attacker in order to provide sufficient protection.
Are the attacker's attempts being noticed on the target system?
Usually attackers lurk around the system before they actually wreck havoc. If the activities of an attacker cannot be noticed, the attacker can still spend weeks or month trying to break-in. In order not be noticed, the attackers may clear their track by modifying log files or installing trojan horse or back-doors. An ethical hacker need to investigate if these activities has been recorded and what preventive measures were taken if any. This not only gives him an indirect assessment of the attacker's proficiency, but also gives him an insight into the security related activities of the enterprise / system he is evaluating.

The entire process of ethical hacking and subsequent patching of discovered vulnerabilities would depend on questions such as:

What is the organization trying to protect, against whom or what and how much resources the organization is willing to expend in order to gain protection

Sometimes when such exercises are taken without proper framework, the organization may call off the evaluation at the first instance of vulnerability reporting. These may be to ward off further discovery or save resource. Therefore it is imperative that the ethical hacker and the organization work out a suitable framework.

The organization must be convinced about the need for the exercise. Usually the concerned personnel have to be guide to concisely describe all of the critical information asset whose loss could adversely affect the organization or its clients.

Last, but not the least, the ethical hacker must remember that it is not possible to guard systems completely.

Hacktivism

2008-01-14T17:33:00.000-08:00

Hacktivism refers to hacking with / for a cause. It is a kind of electronic civil disobedience in which activists take direct action by breaking into or protesting with government or corporate computer system. It can also considered as a kind of information warfare, and it is on the rise. The hacktivists consider their obligation to bring an offline issue close to their agenda into the online world. The apparent increase in hacktivism may be due in part to the growing importance of the internet as a means of communication.

Internet hacktivists believe that the "state sponsored censorship of the internet erodes peaceful and civilized coexistence, affects the exercise of democracy, and endangers the socioeconomic development of nations". For instance, they may have agendas that consider "state-sponsored censorship of the internet as a serious form of organized and systematic violence against citizens, intended to generate confusion and xeonophobia, and a reprehensible violation of trust". For instance, the Cult of the Dead Cow, an older security group states that their objective is to "study ways and means of circumventing state sponsored censorship of the internet and implementing technologies to challenge information right violations".

Most hacktivists aim at sending across a message through their hacking activity and gaining visibility for their cause and themselves. Common targets include government agancies, MNCs, or any other entity perceived as "bad" or "wrong" by these group / individuals. It remains a fact however, that gaining unauthorized access is a crime, no matter what the intents.

Hacker Classes

2008-01-12T02:30:00.000-08:00

Hackers can be classified into various categories based on their activity profiles.

Black hats

Individuals with extraordinary computing skill who use their skill with malicious intent for illegal purpose. This category of hacker are often associated with criminal activities and sought by law enforcement agencies.

White hats

Individuals professing hacker skill and using them for defensive purpose. Also known as "Security Analysis".

Grey hats

Individuals who work both offensively and defensively at various times. They believe in full disclosure that other people who come across information disclosed are able to make a judicious use of the information.

Ethical hacker are information security professional who are engaged in evaluating the threats to an organization from attackers. Ethical hackers can be classified into following categoris:

Former black hats

This groups comprises of former cracker who have taken to the defensive side. They are better informed about security related matters as they have no dearth of experience and have access to the right information through hacker network. However they do not earn credibility for the very same reason as they may pass along sensitive information knowingly or inadvertently to the hacker network, thereby putting the enterprise at risk.

White hats

They profess to have skill on par with the black hats. However, it remains to be seen if they can be as efficient in information gathering as black hats.

Consulting firm

This is a new trend being seen in ICT consulting services with the increasing demand for third party security evaluations. These firms boast of impressive talent and credentials. However a word of caution is necessary with regard to background checks of these individuals as they may include former black hats and even script kiddies, who take up assignment for the thrill it gives them.

Anatomy of Attack

2008-01-12T02:29:00.000-08:00

Now we come to some real fun. What does an hacker do?

In general, a hacker attack can be dissected into five phases.

Reconnaissance
Scanning
Gaining Access
Maintaining Access
Covering Tracks

Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance refers to the very initial stage where the hacker try to collect as much information as possible about the target before start any attack. The hacker will use both technical knowledge and social skill to learn more about the target. Social skill or social engineering can be surprisingly efficient in collect internal information.

Technical skill can be categorized into Active and Passive reconnaissance. Active reconnaissance involve using tools to interact with the target, while passive reconnaissance will collect the publicly available information, social engineering, dumpster diving etc. Active reconnaissance is usually used by newbie who discern a low threat to his reconnaissance activity to be detected.

As an ethical hacker, you must be able to identify different reconnaissance methods and able to advise preventive measure in respect of the potential threat.

Scanning

Scanning refers to pre-attacking stage when the attack scans the target with specific information gathered during reconnaissance. Scanning can be considered as an extension of active reconnaissance which involve automated tools such as network/host scanners, war dialer to discover any vulnerability. Attack can gather information such as mapping of system, router and firewall by using simple tool such as traceroute or Cheops to add sweeping functionality along with that rendered by traceroute.

Port scanner can be used to detect listening port to find information of the services running on the target machine. The primary defense is to shut down services that are not needed. Vulnerability scanner can be used to detect vulnerabilities on the target network. This gives attack advantage of time become he has to find just one vulnerability to enter while the system professional need to apply several patches.

Organizations that deploy intrusion detection system still have to worry as attacker can use evasion techniques at both application and network level. However a probably configured NIDS cannot be detected and all the better ones do anomaly detection, making to difficult for evasion.

Gaining Access

Gaining access refers to the true attack stage. Attacker can exploit the target over LAN, locally, internet, offline as deception or theft. Examples include stack-based buffer overflows, denial of service, session hijacking etc.

Spoofing is a technique to exploit the system by pretending to be someone else or a different system. The attack can use this technique to send malformed packet containing bug to the target system to exploit the vulnerability. Packet flooding can b used to remotely stop the availability of essential services. Smurf attacks try to elicit the available user on the network and the use their legitimate address of services.

The perceived risk involved when attacker gains access is high; as attacker can gain access at operating system level, application level or even network level.

Maintaining Access
Maintaining access refer to the phase when the hacker try to retain his "ownership" of the system. Once gaining access to the target system, the attacker can choose to use the system and resources to launch another attack to other system, or keep a low profile and continue exploit the system. Both are damaging to the organization. For instance the attack can install a sniffer to capture all the network traffic.

Sometimes, attackers harden the system from other hacker to secure their exclusive access with Backdoor, RootKits, Trojans and Trojan horse backdoors.

Attackers try to remain undetected by removing evidence of their entry and use backdoor or other Trojan to gain repeat access.

Covering Tracks
Covering Tracks refer to the activities to remove evidence of his presence and activities so that he can maintain access or evading criminal punishment. This normally entail removing log files and replacing system binaries with trojan, such as ps or netstate, so that system administrator cannot detect the intruder on the attacked system. Just as there are automated scripts for hacking, there are also automatic script for hiding intruders, often called rootkits.

Other techniques including Steganography, tunneling etc. Steganography is the process of hiding data. Tunneling take advantage of transmission protocol by carrying one over the other. Even extra space in TCP and IP header can be used for hiding information.

Basic Terminology

2008-01-12T02:28:00.000-08:00

Yes, it is boring, but it is essential to understand some basic term. Just bear with it, there are just a few and I have kept it simple and short.

Threat - A potential violation of security.

Vulnerability - Existence of a weakness, design or implementation error that can lead to an unexpected and undesirable event compromising the security of the system, network, application or protocol involved.

Target of Evaluation - An IT system, product or component that is identified/subjected as requiring security evaluation.

Attack - An assault on system security that dervied from intelligent threat, i.e. an intelligent act that is a deliberate attempt to evade security services and violate security policy of a system.

Exploit -A defined way to breach security of an IT system through vulnerability.

Make an analogy, Target of Evaluation is a person who has weakness (vulnerability), because of the weakness he is subject to certain potential dangerous act or event (threat). A thief (cracker) can exploit his weakness to cheat (attack) on him.

It is important to note the difference between threat and vulnerability. Not every threat result sin an attack and not every attack succeeds. Success depends on degree of vulnerability, the strength of attacks and the effectiveness of countermeasures. If the attack needed to exploit the vulnerability is very difficult to carry out, then the vulnerability may be tolerable.

Attack can be classified as active and passive. The difference between these categories is that while an "active attack" attempts to alter system resource or affect operation, a "passive attack" attempts to learn or make use of the information without make any change to the system.

Attack can also be classified as originating from internal or external.

OK, just add a few words to the list.

Security - A state of well-being of information and infrastructure in which the possibility of successful yet undetected theft, tampering, and disruption of information and services is kept low or tolerable.

Confidentiality - Concealment of information or resources.

Authenticity - Identification and assurance of origin of information.

Integrity - Trustworthiness of data or resource in terms of preventing improper and unauthorized change.

Availability - Ability to use information or resource desired.

Can Hacking be Ethical?

2008-01-12T02:27:00.000-08:00

Yes! That is why I start writing this blog.

The next question you would probably ask is "How can hacking be considered as ethical?". The idea of hacking in general mind is an act of unauthorized access to computer resource. How can unauthorized access be considered as ethical?

Yes, it can! Unauthorized access can still be ethical and moral if the objective is to help not to destroy. After gaining unauthorized access you can abuse the information or privilege you have, or on the other hand you can help improve the security of the system.

Large corporates have begun to realize the need to evaluate their system for vulnerabilities and correct security holes. They need some one who can think like a cracker and simulate their act to hack into their system without doing anything harmful.

Hong Kong Electronic Passport (e-Passport)

2007-12-20T22:04:00.000-08:00

My first contactless chip project is Hong Kong Electronic Passport. HKSAR e-Passprot was introduced on 2 Feburary 2007. Press release http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/20070101.htm
Some of security features and characteristics can be found here: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/immigration/traveldoc/hksarpassport/characteristics.htm

The chip platform is MULTOS. The on-chip application is ICAO compliant and had been undergone interoperability tests with other e-Passport readers during the interoperability test in Berlin.

The on-chip application can also support Extended Access Control (EAC) defined by BSI which was endorsed by EU. ICAO supports the further development of EAC based on the EU EAC.

Develop on-chip application - Electronic Passport

2007-11-21T02:27:00.000-08:00

Talking about the hottest on-chip applications, Electronic Passport (e-Passport) must be on the list and should be in top 3. Electronic Passport is considered as a "killer app" on smart card. Electronic Passport is standardized by an international organization called "ICAO". Its functions include:

- Basic Access Control (BAC)
- Active Authentication (AA)
- Passive Authentication (PA)

Previously you can download the draft technical document from ICAO website. But now you have to purchase Doc 9303 in order to implement e-Passport.

http://mrtd.icao.int/

Besides, EU had endorsed Extended Access Control (EAC) defined by BSI. BSI EAC defined following mechanisms:

- Chip Authentication
- Terminal Authentication

This standard can be downloaded free from:

http://www.bsi.bund.de/fachthem/epass/EACTR03110_v110.pdf

I have implemented on-chip e-Passport application for several countries. The implementation is in compliance with the ICAO and EU standard and support all the functions described above. Plan to share my experience in this blog. Welcome any question or suggestion on specific topic about ePassport.

在MULTOS晶片上寫程式 - 電子護照

2007-11-21T01:20:00.000-08:00

數近期最熱門的晶片程式, 電子護照必定上榜, 也必定入三甲. 電子護照可算是智力晶片的"killer app"之一. 電子護照是由國際組織ICAO 所制定的,它的功能包括有:

- 基本访问控制 Basic Access Control (BAC)
- 動態驗證控制 Active Authentication (AA)
- 被動式認證 Passive Authentication (PA)

前一陣子你可以在ICAO 網頁下載有關電子護照標準的草案, 現在楆準已制定, 你需要購買Doc 9303去實現電子護照.

http://mrtd.icao.int/

另外, 歐盟(EU) 認可由 BSI 制定的延伸動態驗證控制 Extended Access Control (EAC). 建議會員國可選擇實現BSI EAC 於電子護照. 此標準包含兩個主要的協議:

- 芯片認証 Chip Authentication
- 終端認証 Terminal Authentication

此標準可免費下載:

http://www.bsi.bund.de/fachthem/epass/EACTR03110_v110.pdf

我在幾個國家的電子護照項目中擔任編寫其電子護照在晶片上的程式, 實現了以上由 ICAO 及 EU 所認定的標準. 希望可以藉此部落分享經驗.

Develop on-chip application on MULTOS

2007-11-21T00:50:00.001-08:00

MULTOS is an open platform smart card operating system. Everyone can exercise one's creativity on this little chip.
You can download development kit from:

http://www.multos.com/developer/smartdeck/

It is, of course, FREE!
You can also find lot of information for development from the above site. Tones of document, look difficult but actually they are not. It take about two weeks to study the document and you will have a pretty good picture about MULTOS.

I have 8 years of experience in writing on-chip application on MULTOS. I would like to share my experience with you in this blog.

If you have any comment or question, feel free to drop me comment.

在MULTOS晶片上寫程式

2007-11-20T01:27:00.000-08:00

MULTOS 是個公開平台的晶片操作系統, 所有人也可以在這小小的晶片上發揮創意.
你可以在:

http://www.multos.com/developer/smartdeck/

下載development kit. 當然是免費的.

你也可以在以上網站找到developer 所需要的資料, 網頁有很多文件, 看似很艱深, 其實不是. 只是需要些耐性, 用心細讀, 約兩個星期你便可以有相當的認識.

我會在這個blog 上和大家分享我寫 MULTOS on-chip application 的經驗.
如果你有什麼心得或問題, 歡迎留言.